Eurostat · Government gross debt, net lending or borrowing and 10-year bond yield of the member states of the European Union

How do countries compare on government debt, deficit and bond yield?

10-year government bond yield was highest in Romania, at 6.71% in the month ended 30 September 2026.

DebtDeficit or surplusBond yield

Government gross debt of each member state, the year 2025

Year 2025Yearly figure, member states of the European Union

1 Greece 145.4% of GDP over a year −8.1 pts
2 Italy 136.7% of GDP over a year +2.4 pts
3 France 115.7% of GDP over a year +3.1 pts
4 Belgium 108.1% of GDP over a year +4.1 pts
5 Spain 100.5% of GDP over a year −0.9 pts
6 Portugal 89.2% of GDP over a year −3.8 pts
7 Finland 88.4% of GDP over a year +5.9 pts
8 Austria 80.7% of GDP over a year +1.7 pts
9 Hungary 74.4% of GDP over a year +0.9 pts
10 Slovenia 65.1% of GDP over a year −1.2 pts
11 Germany 62.8% of GDP over a year +1.4 pts
12 Slovakia 60.5% of GDP over a year +1.6 pts
13 Poland 59.6% of GDP over a year +4.8 pts
14 Romania 58.9% of GDP over a year +4.3 pts
15 Croatia 55.7% of GDP over a year −0.8 pts
16 Cyprus 52.3% of GDP over a year −7.8 pts
17 Malta 46.3% of GDP over a year +0.3 pts
18 Latvia 46.2% of GDP over a year +0.5 pts
19 Netherlands 44.7% of GDP over a year +0.7 pts
20 Czechia 44.2% of GDP over a year +1.0 pts
21 Lithuania 39.3% of GDP over a year +1.5 pts
22 Sweden 35.1% of GDP over a year +1.1 pts
23 Ireland 34.8% of GDP over a year −3.6 pts
24 Bulgaria 29.9% of GDP over a year +6.2 pts
25 Denmark 27.2% of GDP over a year −2.7 pts
26 Luxembourg 26.0% of GDP over a year +0.1 pts
27 Estonia 24.0% of GDP over a year +0.5 pts

Government deficit or surplus of each member state, the year 2025

Year 2025Yearly figure, member states of the European Union

1 Cyprus 3.6% of GDP over a year −0.4 pts
2 Denmark 2.9% of GDP over a year −1.2 pts
3 Greece 2.0% of GDP over a year +0.6 pts
4 Ireland 1.8% of GDP over a year −2.4 pts
5 Portugal 0.7% of GDP over a year 0.0 pts
6 Netherlands −1.6% of GDP over a year −0.9 pts
6 Sweden −1.6% of GDP over a year 0.0 pts
8 Lithuania −1.8% of GDP over a year −0.5 pts
8 Luxembourg −1.8% of GDP over a year −2.4 pts
10 Estonia −2.0% of GDP over a year −0.4 pts
11 Malta −2.1% of GDP over a year +1.4 pts
12 Czechia −2.2% of GDP over a year −0.2 pts
13 Spain −2.4% of GDP over a year +0.8 pts
14 Latvia −2.5% of GDP over a year −0.7 pts
14 Slovenia −2.5% of GDP over a year −1.7 pts
16 Germany −2.9% of GDP over a year −0.2 pts
17 Croatia −3.0% of GDP over a year −0.5 pts
18 Italy −3.1% of GDP over a year +0.3 pts
19 Finland −3.8% of GDP over a year +0.6 pts
20 Bulgaria −4.0% of GDP over a year −1.0 pts
21 Austria −4.1% of GDP over a year +0.5 pts
22 Slovakia −4.4% of GDP over a year +1.0 pts
23 Hungary −4.7% of GDP over a year +0.4 pts
24 France −5.1% of GDP over a year +0.7 pts
25 Belgium −5.2% of GDP over a year −0.8 pts
26 Poland −7.2% of GDP over a year −0.8 pts
27 Romania −7.8% of GDP over a year +1.4 pts

10-year government bond yield of each member state, September 2026

September 2026Monthly figure, member states of the European Union

1 Romania 6.71% over a year −0.58 pts
2 Poland 6.23% over a year +0.76 pts
3 Hungary 5.69% over a year −1.28 pts
4 Czechia 5.24% over a year +0.82 pts
5 France 4.44% over a year +0.93 pts
6 Italy 4.36% over a year +0.80 pts
7 Greece 4.22% over a year +0.83 pts
8 Malta 4.19% over a year +0.64 pts
9 Slovakia 4.16% over a year +0.69 pts
10 Latvia 4.15% over a year +0.97 pts
11 Belgium 4.12% over a year +0.86 pts
12 Bulgaria 4.09% over a year +0.16 pts
12 Estonia 4.09% over a year +0.82 pts
14 Spain 3.93% over a year +0.67 pts
15 Cyprus 3.92% over a year +0.97 pts
16 Slovenia 3.86% over a year +0.67 pts
17 Portugal 3.85% over a year +0.72 pts
18 Finland 3.80% over a year +0.71 pts
19 Luxembourg 3.70% over a year +0.77 pts
20 Austria 3.69% over a year +0.67 pts
21 Ireland 3.59% over a year +0.64 pts
22 Croatia 3.59% over a year +0.71 pts
23 Netherlands 3.56% over a year +0.68 pts
24 Germany 3.47% over a year +0.78 pts
25 Denmark 3.29% over a year +0.75 pts
26 Sweden 3.19% over a year +0.63 pts
27 Lithuania 2.88% over a year 0.00 pts

Each bar is one of the 27 member states of the European Union on the measure of its tab, the highest value first, with its rank at the left and its change over a year (ours) under the figure. A country links its own page. The first rank of the deficit or surplus is the largest surplus; a deficit is a bar to the left of the zero line. Each tab names the period its figures are for.

Observed 30 Sep 2026.

Highest and lowestMember states

Government gross debt was highest in Greece, at 145.4% of GDP, and lowest in Estonia, at 24.0% of GDP, in the year 2025, among 27 member states of the European Union.

Government deficit or surplus was highest in Cyprus, at 3.6% of GDP, and lowest in Romania, at −7.8% of GDP, in the year 2025, among 27 member states of the European Union.

10-year government bond yield was highest in Romania, at 6.71%, and lowest in Lithuania, at 2.88%, in September 2026, among 27 member states of the European Union.

See every country with its figures

Beside themNot ranked

Beside them, the European Union was 81.5% of GDP, the euro area was 87.3% of GDP, the United Kingdom, as public sector net debt, was 93.2% of GDP in the financial year ended 31 March 2026 and Canada was 123.0% of GDP (not ranked).

Beside them, the European Union was −3.1% of GDP, the euro area was −3.0% of GDP, the United Kingdom, as public sector deficit or surplus, was −4.4% of GDP in the financial year ended 31 March 2026 and Canada was −1.7% of GDP (not ranked).

Beside them, the European Union was 4.20%, the euro area was 3.93%, Canada was 3.87% in October 2026 and Japan was 2.99% (not ranked).

See what each of their figures is

Understanding government debt

What do these measures count?

This page ranks the 27 member states of the European Union on three measures that Eurostat publishes on one definition for all of them: the total debt of the government as a share of GDP (the output of the economy in a year), its net lending or borrowing as a share of GDP (a negative figure is a deficit), and the yield of the government's 10-year bond. Debt and net lending are yearly figures, the bond yield is monthly.

Beside the member states are the European Union and the euro area as Eurostat publishes them, and the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan, each on the definition of its own statistics office or ministry. Those are listed without a rank because they are not measured in the same way.

Each country has a page of its own with the history of its figures, the change over a year and over five years, and a link to its central bank where this site has a page for it. What 500metrics adds: the ranks, the changes, the ratios for Canada and the monthly means of the daily yields of Canada and Japan.

The numbers behind the chart

What are the figures of each country?27 member states, by name, then 5 economies that are not ranked

Government debt: each country's newest value in every measure; a figure in brackets is for the period shown, not the tab's, and the economies that are not ranked are on definitions of their own, which the next table gives
Country	Government gross debt, 2025	Government deficit or surplus, 2025	10-year government bond yield, Sep 2026
Austria	80.7% of GDP	−4.1% of GDP	3.69%
Belgium	108.1% of GDP	−5.2% of GDP	4.12%
Bulgaria	29.9% of GDP	−4.0% of GDP	4.09%
Croatia	55.7% of GDP	−3.0% of GDP	3.59%
Cyprus	52.3% of GDP	3.6% of GDP	3.92%
Czechia	44.2% of GDP	−2.2% of GDP	5.24%
Denmark	27.2% of GDP	2.9% of GDP	3.29%
Estonia	24.0% of GDP	−2.0% of GDP	4.09%
Finland	88.4% of GDP	−3.8% of GDP	3.80%
France	115.7% of GDP	−5.1% of GDP	4.44%
Germany	62.8% of GDP	−2.9% of GDP	3.47%
Greece	145.4% of GDP	2.0% of GDP	4.22%
Hungary	74.4% of GDP	−4.7% of GDP	5.69%
Ireland	34.8% of GDP	1.8% of GDP	3.59%
Italy	136.7% of GDP	−3.1% of GDP	4.36%
Latvia	46.2% of GDP	−2.5% of GDP	4.15%
Lithuania	39.3% of GDP	−1.8% of GDP	2.88%
Luxembourg	26.0% of GDP	−1.8% of GDP	3.70%
Malta	46.3% of GDP	−2.1% of GDP	4.19%
Netherlands	44.7% of GDP	−1.6% of GDP	3.56%
Poland	59.6% of GDP	−7.2% of GDP	6.23%
Portugal	89.2% of GDP	0.7% of GDP	3.85%
Romania	58.9% of GDP	−7.8% of GDP	6.71%
Slovakia	60.5% of GDP	−4.4% of GDP	4.16%
Slovenia	65.1% of GDP	−2.5% of GDP	3.86%
Spain	100.5% of GDP	−2.4% of GDP	3.93%
Sweden	35.1% of GDP	−1.6% of GDP	3.19%
Canada (not ranked)	123.0% of GDP	−1.7% of GDP	3.87% (Oct 2026)
Euro Area (not ranked)	87.3% of GDP	−3.0% of GDP	3.93%
European Union (not ranked)	81.5% of GDP	−3.1% of GDP	4.20%
Japan (not ranked)	n/a	n/a	2.99%
United Kingdom (not ranked)	93.2% of GDP (2026)	−4.4% of GDP (2026)	n/a

What is each figure of the economies that are not ranked?Their own definitions

The economies beside the member states: the measure, the period of its newest value and what the figure is
Economy	Measure	Period	What the figure is
European Union	Government gross debt	2025	The total debt of the government as a whole at the end of the year, with the debts its parts owe each other taken out. It is the debt the budget rules of the European Union count (Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1)
Euro Area	Government gross debt	2025	The total debt of the government as a whole at the end of the year, with the debts its parts owe each other taken out. It is the debt the budget rules of the European Union count (Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1)
United Kingdom	Government gross debt	2026	Public sector net debt excluding public sector banks at the end of March, as a percentage of GDP (Office for National Statistics, HF6X). It is net of the public sector's liquid assets, so it is not the gross debt that the European Union counts for its member states (its official name is the Maastricht definition)
Canada	Government gross debt	2025	Gross debt of general governments at the end of the fourth quarter (Statistics Canada, table 36-10-0467-01), as a percentage of the GDP of the year (table 36-10-0104-01)
European Union	Government deficit or surplus	2025	Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of the government as a whole in the year: what it takes in less what it spends (Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1)
Euro Area	Government deficit or surplus	2025	Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of the government as a whole in the year: what it takes in less what it spends (Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1)
United Kingdom	Government deficit or surplus	2026	Public sector net borrowing excluding public sector banks in the financial year ended 31 March, as a percentage of GDP (Office for National Statistics, J5IJ)
Canada	Government deficit or surplus	2025	Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of general governments in the calendar year (Statistics Canada, table 36-10-0477-01), as a percentage of the GDP of the year (table 36-10-0104-01)
European Union	10-year government bond yield	Sep 2026	The yield on central government bonds with about ten years left to run, traded between investors, before tax. Eurostat calls it the convergence criterion bond yield, because the rules for joining the euro compare countries on it (Eurostat, irt_lt_mcby_m)
Euro Area	10-year government bond yield	Sep 2026	The yield on central government bonds with about ten years left to run, traded between investors, before tax. Eurostat calls it the convergence criterion bond yield, because the rules for joining the euro compare countries on it (Eurostat, irt_lt_mcby_m)
Canada	10-year government bond yield	Oct 2026	Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years (Bank of Canada), the mean of the month's daily yields
Japan	10-year government bond yield	Sep 2026	Yield of the 10-year Japanese government bond, worked out by the Ministry of Finance as if the bond always had exactly ten years left to run; the mean of the month's daily yields

What do these figures leave out, and how are they cited?Limits, dates and how to cite

What this number cannot tell you

Eurostat takes the figures from the national statistical authorities and revises them when they notify them again, in April and October for debt and net lending. It marks a break in a series, and a change across a break is not like for like.
The debt is the total the government as a whole owes at the end of the year, with the debts between its own parts taken out; it is not reduced by what the government holds. Net lending or borrowing is what the government as a whole takes in less what it spends in the year, so a deficit is a negative number and the first rank is the largest surplus.
The bond yield is the one Eurostat uses to compare countries for the euro's entry rules, for central government bonds with about ten years left to run. Each member state's bond, or basket of bonds, is its own.
The economies beside the member states are not ranked. The United Kingdom's figures are the Office for National Statistics' public sector net debt and net borrowing, which exclude public sector banks and are net of liquid assets. Canada's are ratios that 500metrics works out from Statistics Canada's levels, and its yield and Japan's are monthly means of daily yields.
A member state is ranked in a tab only if its newest value is for the period of the tab. The ranks, the changes over a year and over five years and the monthly means are ours, worked out from the published values, and Eurostat is not responsible for them.
Adapted from Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0467-01 General government gross debt, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0104-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, Canada, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0477-01 Revenue, expenditure and budgetary balance - General governments, 2026 Q2. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.

Observed 30 Sep 2026. Checked 3 Nov 2026, 20:49 UTC.

How to cite this

Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1 (government deficit/surplus, debt and associated data) and irt_lt_mcby_m (EMU convergence criterion bond yields); Office for National Statistics, public sector finances. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0; Adapted from Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0467-01 General government gross debt, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0104-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, Canada, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0477-01 Revenue, expenditure and budgetary balance - General governments, 2026 Q2. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product; Bank of Canada, Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years. The monthly mean is worked out by 500metrics; Ministry of Finance Japan, JGB interest rates. Created by editing the daily yields into monthly means (500metrics), Government debt, deficit and bond yield by country, through 30 September 2026. Compiled by 500metrics, "How do countries compare on government debt, deficit and bond yield?", https://500metrics.com/government-debt.

Page updated 3 Nov 2026, 20:50 UTC

Sources

Office for National Statistics, public sector finances. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. (source) Terms: Open Government Licence v3.0.

Adapted from Statistics Canada, Tables 36-10-0467-01, 36-10-0477-01 and 36-10-0104-01, quarterly. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. (source) Terms: Statistics Canada Open Licence.

Bank of Canada, Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years. The monthly mean is worked out by 500metrics. (source) Terms: Bank of Canada terms and conditions.

Ministry of Finance Japan, JGB interest rates. Created by editing the daily yields into monthly means (500metrics). (source) Terms: Public Data License 1.0 (Japan).