Statistics Canada and Bank of Canada · Government gross debt, net lending or borrowing and 10-year bond yield · Canada
What are the government debt, deficit and bond yield of Canada?
The 10-year government bond yield of Canada was 3.87% in the month ended .
Canada, debt and deficit, each year
- Government gross debt, % of GDP123.0%81.6% to 135.5%
- Government deficit or surplus, % of GDP−1.7%−10.9% to 2.6%
Canada, bond yield, each month
- 10-year government bond yield3.87%0.52% to 4.06%
Each row is one measure of Canada, a year or a month to a point, with its newest value and its range printed beside it and a dashed line at zero. A gap is a period with no value. Pointing at the chart shows the period and the value.
Observed .
Observed .
Right now
The gross debt of the government of Canada was 123.0% of GDP in the year 2025, up 3.0 percentage points over a year (ours).
The net lending or borrowing of the government of Canada was −1.7% of GDP in the year 2025, up 0.5 percentage points over a year (ours).
The 10-year government bond yield of Canada was 3.87% in October 2026, up 0.75 percentage points over a year (ours).
The figures for Canada are on its own national definitions, so they are not ranked against the member states of the European Union.
Over five yearsOurs
Over five years the gross debt of the government is down 12.5 percentage points, the net lending or borrowing of the government is up 9.3 percentage points and the 10-year government bond yield is up 2.28 percentage points (ours).
Against its historyOurs
The gross debt of the government in the year 2025 was the highest since 2021.
The net lending or borrowing of the government in the year 2025 was the highest since 2023.
The 10-year government bond yield in October 2026 was the lowest since August 2026.
What the figures areIn the source's words
Government gross debt: Gross debt of general governments at the end of the fourth quarter (Statistics Canada, table 36-10-0467-01), as a percentage of the GDP of the year (table 36-10-0104-01). Statistics Canada publishes the levels, not the ratio. We divide the debt at the end of the year by the GDP of the year.
Government deficit or surplus: Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of general governments in the calendar year (Statistics Canada, table 36-10-0477-01), as a percentage of the GDP of the year (table 36-10-0104-01). Statistics Canada publishes the levels, not the ratio. We add the four quarters of net lending and divide by the sum of the four quarters of GDP.
10-year government bond yield: Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years (Bank of Canada), the mean of the month's daily yields. The Bank of Canada publishes a yield for each business day. We take the mean of the days of each month.
Central bank
The central bank of Canada has pages on this site.
Understanding the government finances of Canada
Where it stands today
The 10-year government bond yield of Canada was 3.87% in October 2026.
What do the figures for Canada measure?
For Canada, this page shows the gross debt of the government, its deficit or surplus and the yield on its 10-year bonds, in the figures official statistics publish. Government gross debt is what the government owes, as a share of the output of the economy in a year (GDP). Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) is the balance of what the government takes in and what it spends in a year, as a share of GDP: a negative figure is a deficit and a positive figure a surplus. The 10-year bond yield is the yield on the government's bonds with about ten years left to run, in percent a year.
Read more
The debt and the deficit are Statistics Canada's national accounts figures for general governments (the federal, provincial, territorial, local and indigenous governments and the pension plans), worked out here as a share of GDP.
The bond yield is the Bank of Canada's.
What 500metrics adds: the change over a year and over five years of every figure, the highest and lowest value since our record begins, the last time a figure was higher and lower, the last ten years of the bond yield and the yearly history of the government gross debt and government deficit or surplus as small charts.
The numbers behind the chart
What are the latest figures for Canada?3 measures, each in its own newest period
| Measure | Period | Value | Change over a year | Change over five years | Rank | Last higher | Last lower |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government gross debt (ours) | 123.0% of GDP | +3.0 pts | −12.5 pts | n/a | |||
| Government deficit or surplus (ours) | −1.7% of GDP | +0.5 pts | +9.3 pts | n/a | |||
| 10-year government bond yield (ours) | 3.87% | +0.75 pts | +2.28 pts | n/a |
The table scrolls sideways; the first column stays in place.
What were the debt and the deficit of Canada in each year?40 years, newest first
| Year | Government gross debt | Government deficit or surplus |
|---|---|---|
| 123.0% of GDP | −1.7% of GDP | |
| 120.0% of GDP | −2.1% of GDP | |
| 115.7% of GDP | −0.2% of GDP | |
| 114.7% of GDP | 0.6% of GDP | |
| 125.9% of GDP | −3.1% of GDP | |
| 135.5% of GDP | −10.9% of GDP | |
| 106.1% of GDP | 0.0% of GDP | |
| 105.8% of GDP | 0.4% of GDP | |
| 107.0% of GDP | −0.1% of GDP | |
| 109.1% of GDP | −0.5% of GDP |
Show 30 more rows
| Year | Government gross debt | Government deficit or surplus |
|---|---|---|
| 107.0% of GDP | −0.1% of GDP | |
| 101.3% of GDP | 0.2% of GDP | |
| 103.6% of GDP | −1.5% of GDP | |
| 105.6% of GDP | −2.5% of GDP | |
| 102.8% of GDP | −3.3% of GDP | |
| 102.0% of GDP | −4.7% of GDP | |
| 99.9% of GDP | −3.9% of GDP | |
| 86.9% of GDP | 0.2% of GDP | |
| 81.6% of GDP | 1.8% of GDP | |
| 84.9% of GDP | 1.8% of GDP | |
| 87.4% of GDP | 1.6% of GDP | |
| 90.8% of GDP | 0.8% of GDP | |
| 95.6% of GDP | −0.1% of GDP | |
| 99.4% of GDP | −0.2% of GDP | |
| 101.4% of GDP | 0.5% of GDP | |
| 101.9% of GDP | 2.6% of GDP | |
| 111.4% of GDP | 1.7% of GDP | |
| 115.6% of GDP | 0.1% of GDP | |
| 117.6% of GDP | 0.0% of GDP | |
| 122.5% of GDP | −3.1% of GDP | |
| 121.9% of GDP | −5.5% of GDP | |
| 120.0% of GDP | −6.9% of GDP | |
| 117.2% of GDP | −8.9% of GDP | |
| 110.0% of GDP | −9.2% of GDP | |
| 102.8% of GDP | −8.4% of GDP | |
| 93.6% of GDP | −5.9% of GDP | |
| n/a | −4.7% of GDP | |
| n/a | −4.5% of GDP | |
| n/a | −5.7% of GDP | |
| n/a | −7.3% of GDP |
What was the bond yield of Canada in each month?The last 120 months, newest first; the chart has the same months
| Month | 10-year government bond yield |
|---|---|
| 3.87% | |
| 3.88% | |
| 3.68% | |
| 3.55% | |
| 3.42% | |
| 3.54% | |
| 3.48% | |
| 3.44% | |
| 3.29% | |
| 3.40% | |
| 3.39% | |
| 3.17% |
Show 108 more rows
| Month | 10-year government bond yield |
|---|---|
| 3.13% | |
| 3.22% | |
| 3.42% | |
| 3.48% | |
| 3.31% | |
| 3.22% | |
| 3.11% | |
| 3.01% | |
| 3.06% | |
| 3.29% | |
| 3.16% | |
| 3.28% | |
| 3.19% | |
| 2.94% | |
| 3.08% | |
| 3.41% | |
| 3.39% | |
| 3.64% | |
| 3.70% | |
| 3.44% | |
| 3.50% | |
| 3.35% | |
| 3.23% | |
| 3.71% | |
| 4.06% | |
| 3.82% | |
| 3.65% | |
| 3.45% | |
| 3.34% | |
| 3.05% | |
| 2.91% | |
| 2.99% | |
| 3.17% | |
| 2.94% | |
| 2.94% | |
| 3.17% | |
| 3.38% | |
| 3.15% | |
| 2.86% | |
| 3.02% | |
| 3.32% | |
| 2.92% | |
| 2.70% | |
| 2.13% | |
| 1.88% | |
| 1.76% | |
| 1.45% | |
| 1.69% | |
| 1.60% | |
| 1.26% | |
| 1.19% | |
| 1.25% | |
| 1.43% | |
| 1.52% | |
| 1.52% | |
| 1.50% | |
| 1.10% | |
| 0.81% | |
| 0.73% | |
| 0.69% | |
| 0.60% | |
| 0.56% | |
| 0.56% | |
| 0.52% | |
| 0.56% | |
| 0.55% | |
| 0.66% | |
| 0.82% | |
| 1.29% | |
| 1.49% | |
| 1.60% | |
| 1.50% | |
| 1.45% | |
| 1.36% | |
| 1.21% | |
| 1.52% | |
| 1.46% | |
| 1.66% | |
| 1.72% | |
| 1.71% | |
| 1.91% | |
| 1.95% | |
| 2.06% | |
| 2.41% | |
| 2.49% | |
| 2.35% | |
| 2.30% | |
| 2.19% | |
| 2.21% | |
| 2.38% | |
| 2.25% | |
| 2.19% | |
| 2.32% | |
| 2.20% | |
| 1.92% | |
| 1.92% | |
| 2.05% | |
| 2.05% | |
| 1.88% | |
| 1.91% | |
| 1.50% | |
| 1.51% | |
| 1.52% | |
| 1.71% | |
| 1.70% | |
| 1.72% | |
| 1.73% | |
| 1.44% |
What do these figures leave out, and how are they cited?Limits, dates and how to cite
What this number cannot tell you
- Each yearly figure is a ratio to the output of the economy (GDP) of the same year, so it moves when the debt or the deficit moves and when GDP does.
- The bond yield is in percent a year and is a figure for a month.
- A change is the difference between two values, in percentage points, and is ours; it is shown for a year and for five years back, and is blank where the series does not reach that far.
- The debt is Statistics Canada's own measure of the gross debt of general governments, which counts the debt securities of all these governments together, with the debts between them taken out. It is not the figure the International Monetary Fund or the OECD publishes, and this page is not ranked against the member states of the European Union.
- Statistics Canada revises the national accounts over several years, and a ratio to GDP moves when either part does. The newest year is often provisional, and Statistics Canada revises it. A year is the calendar year, and the latest year is shown once its fourth quarter is published.
- The bond yield is the mean of the Bank of Canada's daily yields of the month, and the page shows only months that have ended. The Bank states the yield for each business day it publishes.
- The ratios, the monthly means, the changes and the highest and lowest values are ours, worked out from the values Statistics Canada and the Bank of Canada publish.
- Adapted from Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0467-01 General government gross debt, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0104-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, Canada, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0477-01 Revenue, expenditure and budgetary balance - General governments, 2026 Q2. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.
Observed . Checked .
Observed . Checked .
How to cite this
Adapted from Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0467-01 General government gross debt, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0104-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, Canada, quarterly, 2026 Q2; Table 36-10-0477-01 Revenue, expenditure and budgetary balance - General governments, 2026 Q2. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product; Bank of Canada, Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years. The monthly mean is worked out by 500metrics, Canada, through 31 October 2026. Compiled by 500metrics, "What are the government debt, deficit and bond yield of Canada?", https://500metrics.com/government-debt/canada.
Page updated
Sources
Adapted from Statistics Canada, Tables 36-10-0467-01, 36-10-0477-01 and 36-10-0104-01, quarterly. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product. (source) Terms: Statistics Canada Open Licence.
Bank of Canada, Government of Canada benchmark bond yield, 10 years. The monthly mean is worked out by 500metrics. (source) Terms: Bank of Canada terms and conditions.